Which psychologist defined two types of intelligence namely fluid and crystallized?

Which psychologist defined two types of intelligence namely fluid and crystallized?

• A. Howard Gardner
• B. Jean Piaget
• C. Sigmund Freud
• D. Raymond Cattell

Answer: (D)

The idea being tested is that intelligence can be described in two distinct forms: fluid and crystallized. Fluid intelligence involves solving new problems, recognizing patterns, and using reasoning in novel situations—abilities that aren’t tied to what you already know. Crystallized intelligence is the accumulated knowledge and skills you gain through education and life experience, such as vocabulary and general information. This two-category framework, known as the Gf-Gc theory, was developed by psychologist Raymond Cattell (with later refinement by John Horn). Because he explicitly defined these two types of intelligence, he is the right fit for this concept. Other thinkers proposed different ideas—Gardner’s multiple intelligences expands domains beyond a single intelligence, Piaget focused on cognitive development stages, and Freud developed psychoanalytic theory—none define fluid and crystallized intelligence as two distinct forms.

The idea being tested is that intelligence can be described in two distinct forms: fluid and crystallized. Fluid intelligence involves solving new problems, recognizing patterns, and using reasoning in novel situations—abilities that aren’t tied to what you already know. Crystallized intelligence is the accumulated knowledge and skills you gain through education and life experience, such as vocabulary and general information. This two-category framework, known as the Gf-Gc theory, was developed by psychologist Raymond Cattell (with later refinement by John Horn). Because he explicitly defined these two types of intelligence, he is the right fit for this concept. Other thinkers proposed different ideas—Gardner’s multiple intelligences expands domains beyond a single intelligence, Piaget focused on cognitive development stages, and Freud developed psychoanalytic theory—none define fluid and crystallized intelligence as two distinct forms.